We must stick to solidarity and cooperation as we go through this difficult time and jointly work for a healthier and brighter future for humanity. Vaccines are a powerful weapon to prevail over the pandemic and revive the economy.
China has been calling for closer international cooperation on vaccines to ensure that they are accessible and affordable in developing countries and that they become a global public good. Overcoming the challenges of its own mass vaccination program, China has provided more than million doses of vaccines to other developing countries, and will provide another 3 billion US dollars in international aid over the next three years to support COVID response and economic and social recovery in other developing countries.
China supports waiving intellectual property rights on COVID vaccines, and will work with other parties to push for an early decision by the World Trade Organization WTO and other international institutions. China will take an active part in cooperation initiatives to keep vaccine supply chains stable and safe and support the movement of essential goods, and take effective measures to ensure healthy, safe and orderly people-to-people exchanges and restore normal business cooperation in our region at an early date.
Second, we need to deepen regional economic integration. Opening-up and integration is the prevailing trend. It is important that we promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment and uphold the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core. We must remove barriers, not erect walls. We must open up, not close off. We must seek integration, not decoupling. This is the way to make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial for all.
We need to step up macroeconomic policy coordination, minimize negative spillovers, and fully implement the APEC Connectivity Blueprint to promote cooperation on digital connectivity. We need to advance regional economic integration, with a view to establishing a high-standard Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific at an early date. China is among the first to ratify the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement. We look forward to its entry into force this year.
Third, we need to pursue inclusive and sustainable development. Earth is the only home for humanity. This Annex is applicable to joint research undertaken pursuant to the Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Parties.
For purposes of this Annex "intellectual property" is defined in Article 2 c of the Agreement. This Annex addresses the allocation of rights and interests of the Parties and their participants. Each Party and its participants shall ensure that the other Party and its participants may obtain the rights to intellectual property allocated to it in accordance with this Annex. This Annex does not otherwise alter or prejudice the allocation of rights, interests and royalties between a Party and its nationals or participants, which will be determined by the laws and practices applicable to each Party.
The Parties will also be guided by, and contractual arrangements should provide for, the following principles:. The participants shall jointly develop a technology management plan TMP in respect of the ownership and use, including publication of information and intellectual property to be created in the course of joint research.
The TMP will be approved by the responsible funding agency, or department of the Party involved in financing the research before the conclusion of the specific research and development cooperation contracts to which they are attached. The TMP shall be developed within the rules and regulations in force at each Party taking into account the aims of the joint research, the relative financial or other contributions of the Parties and participants, the advantages and disadvantages of licensing by territory or for fields of use, the transfer of export-controlled data, goods or services, requirements imposed by the applicable laws and other factors deemed appropriate by the participants.
The rights and obligations concerning the research generated by visiting researchers i. The TMP is a specific agreement to be concluded between the participants about the implementation of joint research and the respective rights and obligations of the participants. With respect to intellectual property, the TMP will normally address, among other things, ownership, protection, user rights for research and development purposes, exploitation and dissemination, including arrangements for joint publication, the rights and obligations of visiting researchers and dispute settlement procedures.
The TMP may also address foreground and background information, licensing and deliverables. Information or intellectual property created in the course of joint research and not addressed in the TMP will be allocated, with the approval of the Parties, according to the principles set out in the TMP.
In case of disagreement, such information or intellectual property will be owned jointly by all the participants involved in the joint research from which the information or intellectual property results. Each participant to whom this provision applies will have the right to use such information or intellectual property for his own commercial exploitation with no geographical limitation.
Each Party will ensure that the other Party and its participants may have the rights to intellectual property allocated to them in accordance with these principles. While maintaining the condition of competition in areas affected by the Agreement, each Party will endeavour to ensure that rights acquired pursuant to the Agreement and arrangements made under it are exercised in such a way as to encourage, in particular i the dissemination and use of information created, disclosed or otherwise made available, under the Agreement, and ii the adoption and implementation of international standards.
The termination or expiry of the Agreement will not affect rights or obligations under this Annex. Copyright belonging to the Parties or to their participants will be accorded treatment consistent with the Berne Convention Paris Act Copyright protection will extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such. Limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights will be confined to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not reasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
Without prejudice to Section II, and unless otherwise agreed in the TMP, publication of results of research shall be made jointly by the Parties or participants to that joint research. Subject to the foregoing general rule, the following procedures shall apply. In the case of publication by a Party, or public bodies of that Party of scientific and technical journals, articles, reports, books, including video and software arising from joint research pursuant to the Agreement, the other Party will be entitled to a worldwide, non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free licence to translate, reproduce, adapt, transmit and publicly distribute such works.
The Parties will ensure that literary works of a scientific character arising from joint research pursuant to the Agreement and published by independent publishers will be disseminated as widely as possible. All copies of a copyright work to be publicly distributed and prepared under this provision shall indicate the names of the author s of the work unless an author explicitly declines to be named.
They shall also bear a clearly visible acknowledgement of the cooperative support of the Parties. Inventions, discoveries and other science and technology achievements created under cooperative activities between the Parties themselves will be owned by the Parties unless otherwise agreed by the Parties. Each Party, its agencies or its participants, as appropriate, will identify at the earliest possible moment and preferably in the TMP the information that they wish to remain undisclosed in relation to the Agreement, taking into account inter alia the following criteria:.
The Parties and their participants may in certain cases agree that, unless otherwise indicated, parts or all of the information provided, exchanged or created in the course of joint research pursuant to the Agreement may not be disclosed. Each Party shall ensure that it and its participants clearly identify undisclosed information, for example by means of an appropriate marking or restrictive legend.
This also applies to any reproduction of the said information, in whole or in part. A Party receiving undisclosed information pursuant to the Agreement will respect the privileged nature thereof.
These limitations will automatically terminate when this information is disclosed by the owner into the public domain. Undisclosed information communicated under the Agreement may be disseminated by the receiving Party to persons within or employed by the receiving Party and other concerned departments or agencies in the receiving Party authorised for the specific purposes of the joint research under way, provided that any undisclosed information so disseminated shall be pursuant to an agreement of confidentiality and shall be readily recognisable as such, as set out above.
Why do we need private property? A system based on private property rights andfree exchange provides a multitude of benefits for society and theeconomy. Foremost among them are: Without clearly defined, stableand exchangeable private property , economic goods would be unable to acquire prices that reflect theirrelative scarcity.
Abdu Lunnemann Pundit. Do private owners have an incentive to conserve resources for the future? Private owners have an incentive to conserve forthe future —particularly if the property is expected toincrease in value.
Private owners have an incentive to lowerthe chance that their property will cause damage. Private ownership links responsibility with the right ofcontrol. Estervina Lagos Pundit. How does specialization make an economy more efficient? Specialization can lead to economies ofscale because it allows for increased output. This supports growthas a specialization of labor, for example, allows workers toperfect one task rather than focus on many.
As workers become more adept at a specialized task, they become moreefficient and production increases. Margret Rauer Pundit. Why right to property has been abolished?
To nullify Court's order, parliament had to enactmultiple constitutional amendment acts- 1st, 4th, 25th, 39th, 40th,42nd etc. It finally paved a way forward for land reforms. Therefore, in , it abolished right to property as afundamental right and removed article 19 1 f and 31 out ofpart III of constitution. What are common property rights? Common property is defined to be any renewablenatural resource unit needing management under Common PropertyRights to be sustainable.
Common property thus refers tomanagerial rather than physical characteristics. Commonproperty typically includes the air we breathe, the rivers weshare, the oceans, and so on. Nazaria Boldu Pundit. What are examples of property rights? Private property includes all things tangible andintangible that a private individual or entity owns, and over whichthe owners have absolute property rights. Examples include buildings, land, copyrights, patents, money,etc.
Ageda Quatre Teacher. What does the Constitution say about property? Lalla Bruenner Supporter. How does voluntary exchange benefit a person? Voluntary exchange is the act of buyers andsellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions.
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